PUM2 cis · 270 nt · 2025

2xHAR.319

What it is

2xHAR.319 is one of the 2025 CRISPR-resolved HARs. The human sequence supports higher PUM2 and shifts how readily cells leave the stem-like state toward neural fates. A volume knob on a fate decision, not a new protein recipe.

Why it matters

Causal HAR→PUM2; fate-bias phenotype.

Operator load

• 01 · ΔE

  Enhancer activity

  These stretches of DNA do not code for proteins. They act as volume knobs — turning nearby brain-development genes up or down at the right moment.

• 03 · T

  Three-dimensional rewiring

  The genome folds in 3D. Human-specific changes can re-route which switches sit next to which genes, even if the letters look similar in a straight line.

Cui et al. Nature 2025